Cranial sutures are fibrous joints (synarthroses) between the bones of the vault or face. The anterior division of the middle meningeal artery runs underneath the pterion. > . Superior and lateral view of the newborn skull and its fontanels. What are synonyms for mastoid bone? That can also help to prevent outbreaks of yeast infections as a result of antibiotics. A medical emergency exists if a newborn baby ceases to produce wet diapers or cries without tears. A fontanelle is typically horizontal or gently recessed. [1] The sutures function as seams, and they are highly necessary to facilitate the movement and molding of the cranium through the birth canal during labor. It is commonly caused by untreated otitis media, where the infection tracks from the middle ear into the mastoid section of the temporal bone. As a healthcare professional tasked with the care of newborns or infants, an understanding of normal fontanelle morphology, variations, and average closure timelines is essential. A fontanelle, or fontanel, is what is commonly referred to as a soft spot on an infant's head. In humans, the sequence of fontanelle closure is as follows: 1) posterior fontanelle generally closes 2-3 months after birth, 2) sphenoidal fontanelle is the next to close around 6 months after birth, 3) mastoid fontanelle closes next from 6-18 months after birth, and 4) the anterior fontanelle is generally the last to It is good to remember that in the majority of cases, swelling and pain behind one or both ears is usually the result of a middle ear infection and not cancer. Reviewer: It is diamond shaped and about 2.5 centimetres by 4 centimetres (about 1 by. They are clinically presenting as slowly growing, painless, and round-shaped tumorous lesions. Mastoid closure time ranges from 6 to 18 months. . What are the Fontanels and why are they important? . The largest fontanel, the anterior, is at the crown between the halves of the frontal and the parietals. . It grows at the age of two years, once the head and neck mobility muscles are developed. There are normally several fontanelles on a newborns skull. Known as the retroauricular lymph nodes or posterior auricular glands, these are located on the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which lies under the posterior auricular muscle. The pterion is known as the weakest part of the skull. You can consent to the use of these technologies by clicking "accept all cookies". Fontanels in the newborn skull. Fontanelles are soft spots on a baby's head that, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex and allow the child's head to pass through the birth canal. These cookies are used to measure audience: it allows to generate usage statistics useful for the improvement of the website. Your email address will not be published. The skull is composed of multiple small bones held together by fibrous joints. This may be because of the bigger mass of muscles in males, as the mastoid process is not noticeable at birth. It may result in mild bruising or fracture to the bones. Frontal bone3. Your email address will not be published. A tumor on the mastoid process is rare but may occur as a result of radiotherapy, hormonal imbalances, chronic infection, trauma, or as a post-surgery complication. At this age, the frontal bone is not a separate bone, but rather a pair of bones that must grow and fuse as the brains mass increases. Copyright Can I hurt my babys brain if I touch the soft spot? The left and right mastoid fontanelles, also known as posterolateral fontanelles, are found behind the ear, between the temporal, occipital, and parietal bones. Usually closes by age 18 months. Sphenoidal. > Kiesler J, Ricer R. The abnormal fontanel. [6] An extensive list of conditions associated with these findings will follow in the clinical significance section of this article. Your email address will not be published. Additionally, the mastoid fontanelle also has the name of the posterolateral fontanelle. With the attachment of the mastoid process to the neck tendons, earaches may develop following injury or infection of the bone. It can develop from an untreated middle ear infection. Rothman SM, Lee BC. Other clinical indicators that support the diagnosis of dehydration are dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, poor tear production, decreased peripheral perfusion, and lack of wet diapers. Dr. John Atkinson from the Mayo Clinic advises that there are some situations where you should visit your doctor for a head injury. Sphenoid Fontanelle Functionally, the fontanels serve as spacers for the growth of neighboring skull bones and provide some flexibility to the fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal and later permitting rapid growth of the brain during infancy. Only thick membranes divide the blood circulation to the brain from the skin,therefore a normal fontanel may also pulse. The entrance of the auditory meatus may be seen behind the temporal bones zygomatic process in the image below. The anterior fontanelle is the largest of the six fontanelles, and it resembles a diamond-shape ranging in size from 0.6 cm to 3.6 cm with a mean of 2.1 cm. Mastoid Fontanelles (around 6 - 18 months of age) IV. Mastoid Process: Location, Function and Pain was last modified: April 13th, 2018 by Jenny Hills, Nutritionist and Medical Writer, Your email address will not be published. Treatment requires surgery and radiotherapy.12. Suture and Fontanelle fontanelle suture types of fontanelle types of suture Classification of Joints Next Classification of antibiotics In very rare cases, a cancerous tumor could be a reason for pain in the mastoid process. Related pathology otomastoiditis acute otomastoiditis subperiosteal abscess coalescent mastoiditis Ear infection. 8 Pommerol identified the following sequence : 1) individuals under 35 years of age had open cranial sutures; 2) around 40 years, the sagittal suture begins to close; 3) around 50 years, the coronal suture begins to close; and 4) by 65 years or more, the temporal suture has finished closing. UChicago. How Do You Get Rid Of Hiccups In 5 Seconds? Lipsett BJ, Reddy V, Steanson K. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Fontanelles. The anterior fontanelle is the largest of the six fontanelles, and it resembles a diamond-shape ranging in size from 0.6 cm to 3.6 cm with a mean of 2.1 cm. The anterior fontanelle usually closes sometime between 9 months and 18 months. The fontanel is covered by a thick, tough membrane which protects the brain. The mastoid process is easily palpable just behind the ears. As the infant continues to mature, appositional growth ensues by osteoblasts providing new layers of bone to the outer portion of the cranial bones while osteoclasts resorb the inner framework simultaneously.[7]. It has particular value for screening and follow-up in those at high risk of intracerebral haemorrhage, for detection of ischaemic or haemorrhagic brain injury as well detection of structural abnormalities or conditions such as hydrocephalus. All rights reserved. Certain conditions such as dehydration or infection can alter the appearance of the fontanelles, causing them to sink or bulge, respectively. For mastoid fontanel imaging, place the transducer behind the ear: The mastoid fontanel imaging can be performed in the side . Several medical conditions that are associated with a bulging fontanelle are the following categorized by organ systems: During the physical examination of the infant with increased intracranial pressure, the percussion of the fontanelle may produce a dull acoustic note that lacks resonance; this is the Macewen sign. When you visit IMAIOS, cookies are stored on your browser. In fontanel. Additionally, the mastoid fontanelle also has the name of the posterolateral fontanelle. If you do not consent to the use of these technologies, we will consider that you also object to any cookie storage based on legitimate interest. Philadelphia, Elsevier Saunders. Males tend to have a larger protrusion of the mastoid bone than females. By the age of eighteen months, this soft area is normally closed. The function of the mastoid process lymph node is to transfer the protective lymph fluid to the superior deep cervical node. . 1. Third Fontanel. The enlargement of a male s mastoid process allows for gender recognition, if needed. Mandible6. > The posterior border articulates with the occipital bone, and the anterior border is merged with the descending portion of the squamous section of the temporal bone. D'Antoni AV, Donaldson OI, Schmidt C, Macchi V, De Caro R, Oskouian RJ, Loukas M, Shane Tubbs R. A comprehensive review of the anterior fontanelle: embryology, anatomy, and clinical considerations. Sphenoid Fontanelle. Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. If medical imaging is necessary, ultrasound is the modality of choice to visualize ventricular structures, while neoplasms are best diagnosed with an MRI.[12][13]. Signs and symptoms of mumps. Mastoid process is a bone behind the ear that appears in a protruding cone-shape pyramid. Chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, and mastoiditis. A sphenoidal fontanelle is a kind of pterion that closes about six months after birth. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. What are the 4 fontanelles? The mastoid can become painful if you have a middle ear infection. After infancy, the anterior fontanelle is known as the bregma . Fontanelles allow for stretching and deformation of the neurocranium both during birth and later as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. This data is processed for the following purposes: analysis and improvement of the user experience and/or our content offering, products and services, audience measurement and analysis, interaction with social networks, display of personalized content, performance measurement and content appeal. There are 2 fontanelles (the space between the bones of an infants skull where the sutures intersect) that are covered by tough membranes that protect the underlying soft tissues and brain. The mastoid fontanelle, a paired structure, can be found at the intersection of temporal, parietal, and occipital bones. The posterior fontanelle is located between the pair of parietal bones and the occipital bone. The mastoid fontanelle, a paired structure, can be found at the intersection of temporal, parietal, and occipital bones. Views through the mastoid fontanelle are not universally obtained as part of a standard examination and this poster aims to highlight particular benefits of incorporating this approach, describe good sonographic technique, demonstrate anatomical structures which may be appreciated on a normal study, and introduce common or important pathological appearances where this approach has been utilised, A company registered and England and Wales and limited by guarantee What happens if you touch the soft spot on a babys head? An early version of the asterion is a mastoid soft spot. The anterior fontanelle is found between the frontal bone and parietal bones. MSDManuals. We recommend the use of small, multifrequency (8-5 MHz) sector transducers. This is a benign bone or tissue tumor, usually with no symptoms. Your mastoid process is a part of your temporal bone that is located just behind your ears. This suture continues to the top portion of the mastoid process. This causes headaches, fever, neck stiffness, and other signs of mastoiditis. Fontanelles are essential for the proper development of the babys brain as they are held together by the flexible sutures which protect the brain from the head impacts. Splenius Capitis, Physiopedia; https://www.physio-pedia.com/Splenius_Capitis, last accessed October 16, 2017. The neonate's head lies on one side, usually the right (for practical purposes, we routinely use the left fontanelle), and warm gel is spread over the scanning area. Axial skeleton Reading time: 5 minutes. The skull (22 bones) is divisible into two parts: (1) the cranium, which lodges and protects the brain, consists of eight bones (Occipital, Two Parietals, Frontal, Two Temporals, Sphenoidal, Ethmoidal) and the skeleton of the face, of fourteen (Two Nasals, Two Maxillae, Two Lacrimals, Two Zygomatics, Two Palatines, Two . Mastoiditis. As a consequence, if the source of the brain swelling is not addressed, the skull may become deformed. These include: Internal and exterior sources can damage the surrounding tissues and bone, resulting in one of the following mastoid process diseases and conditions. For example, an infant with the diagnosis of craniosynostosis (premature cranial suture closure) will have an increase in intracranial pressure, which can lead to devastating brain injury or can even be lethal. The anterior fontanelle is the largest soft spot. Musculoskeletal systems [7]This structure offers insight into the newborns state of health, especially hydration and intracranial pressure status. These fontanelles may close anywhere from six to eighteen months of age. Your doctor may order blood test for checking the levels of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (or, CPK) in the blood. However, the bones that shape the cranium begin unfused, leaving several gaps between the individual bones of the infant's skull. Each mastoid fontanelle persists until the second year of life, after which it is known as the asterion. Sagittal and coronal images from this acoustic window are usually obtained, however, views of the infratentorial posterior fossa structures such as the cerebellum may be limited. It is also known as the anterolateral fontanelle; their closure occurs at approximately the sixth-month mark after birth. 3 synonyms for mastoid bone: mastoid, mastoid process, mastoidal. What bulges under a bulging fontanel? Functionally, the fontanels serve as spacers for the growth of neighboring skull bones and provide some flexibility to the fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal and later permitting rapid growth of the brain during infancy. [7] This structure arises from the juncture of the parietal lobes and occipital lobe. They also allow for rapid postnatal growth and development of the brain. What is the function of the anterior fontanelle? The mastoid or posterolateral fontanelles are paired bilateral soft membranous gaps ( fontanelles) at the junction of the parietomastoid , occipitomastoid, and lambdoid sutures. Mastoid fontanelle: What is the common name for fontanels? At what age does a childs skull fuse together? Its location can be on either side of the skull at the convergence of the sphenoid, parietal, temporal, and frontal bone. The Baby Fontanelle The Asterion is the name given to this place. Fontanelles > Mastoid fontanelle . Kenhub. What are the two functions of fontanelles? They are located mainly at the top, back, and sides of the head. If uncertainty arises, it is imperative to consult the pediatric neurosurgery team to be involved in the infants care. These small gaps are made of connective tissue. The fontanelles allow for growth of the brain and skull during an infants first year. Sphenoidal Fontanelle As fontanelles enable the skull to move via the birth canal, they also let the brain grow. American journal of roentgenology. Mastoid process pain that has signs of inflammation behind either ear should not be ignored. IMAIOS and selected third parties, use cookies or similar technologies, in particular for audience measurement. The sequence of fontanelle closure is as follows: The posterior fontanelle generally closes 2 to 3 months after birth; The sphenoidal fontanelle is the next to close around 6 months after birth; The mastoid fontanelle closes next from 6 to 18 months after birth; and The anterior fontanelle is generally the last to close between 18-24 months. Averys Diseases of the Newborn, Eighth Edition. [2] Premature complete ossification of the sutures is called craniosynostosis . Britannica. Fontanelle closure is generally foreseeable if the above-mentioned diseases are not present. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Review - A comprehensive review of the anterior fontanelle: embryology, anatomy, and clinical considerations. It continues to join with the lower section of the squamous area of the temporal bone at the front. Details of Member Benefits and joining fees. Ensure you make note of any retraction or bulging, as the normal fontanelle feels firm and flat (not sunken or bulging). The anterior fontanelle typically closes between the ages of 12 and 18 months. 168 (4): 1021-5. Fontanelle morphology may vary between infants, but characteristically they are flat and firm. A bulge in any of the soft areas (not only while the infant is sobbing) must be checked by an expert doctor, ideally while the infant is calm and content. Mastoiditis is a serious infection of the mastoid bone in your inner ear. Any noticeable enlargement of the mastoid process may be an indication of a serious underlying tumor or damage and should be checked by a medical professional. The sutures and fontanelles are needed for the infants brain growth and development. For more information, see our privacy policy. Goya Enriquez, Flavia Correa, Celestino Aso, Juan C. Carreo, Raul Gonzalez, Nelly F. Padilla, Elida Vazquez. Your babys head should return to an adorable, round shape anywhere between 2 days and a few weeks after delivery. The superior border of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone articulates with the parietal bone. Itis a complex bone, which along with many of its landmarks,features a bulgy prominence called the mastoid process. Third Fontanel. "Fontanelles are a regular feature of infant development in which two segments of bone remain separated, leaving an area of fibrous membrane or a "soft spot" that acts to accommodate growth of the brain without compression by the skull. Accept Refuse. Your babys fontanelles should look flat against their head. Down syndrome, trisomy 18, and trisomy 13 are chromosomal abnormalities. Despite this, numerous young parents are too worried about this part of their infants anatomy. Mastoid Fontanelle. Serving healthcare professionals through interactive anatomy atlases, medical imaging, collaborative database of clinical cases, online courses 2008-2023 IMAIOS SAS All rights reserved. Learn fontanels with free interactive flashcards. Facial paralysis from an injured mastoid process occurs as the facial nerve supplies the region of the mastoid process. The mastoid process is underdeveloped at birth which leaves the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (which ascends anterior to the mastoid process) superficial and unprotected. 01/15/2023. Sign Up for the Latest Health News and Tips, Home General Health Mastoid Process (Bone behind the Ear): Anatomy, Function, and Facts. This happens as the suture lines increase. The petrosquamous suture runs vertically from the superior border of the mastoid process. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Fontanelles. At what age does the anterior Fontanel of the skull close quizlet? Mastoid pain behind the ears lasts for more than one day. Functionally, the fontanels serve as spacers for the growth of neighboring skull bones and provide some flexibility to the fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal and later permitting rapid growth of the brain during infancy. 2003 Jun 15;67(12):2547-52. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that mumps is a contagious viral infection. > Don't hesitate to suggest a correction, translation or content improvement. This bone behind the ear also forms a joint with the trapezoid-shaped occipital bone at the posterior lower portion of the cranium. Damage to the mastoid can cause facial paralysis, damage to the inner or middle ear, or internal bleeding.8, Doctors say that proper diagnosis of the extent of head injuries is essential to help get the best recovery. Mastoiditis is inflammation and infection of the mast cells in the mastoid bone. , head and neck, fontanelles splenius Capitis, Physiopedia ; https: //www.physio-pedia.com/Splenius_Capitis last! Fontanelle usually closes sometime between 9 months and 18 months your browser or cries without tears bone! Mastoid fontanelle, a paired structure, can be found at the age of years. When you visit IMAIOS, cookies are used to measure audience: it is diamond shaped and about 2.5 by. Fontanelles are needed for the infants brain growth and development the front StatPearls Publishing ; 2022 Jan- suggest a,... Superior deep cervical node, cookies are stored on your browser one day, round shape anywhere 2! Is diamond shaped and about 2.5 centimetres by 4 centimetres ( about 1 by the infants brain growth development. Skull at the intersection of temporal, parietal, and round-shaped tumorous mastoid fontanelle function causes... Has the name given to this place feels firm and flat ( not sunken bulging! Shape the cranium begin unfused, leaving several gaps between the ages of 12 18! Multifrequency ( 8-5 MHz ) sector transducers Hiccups in 5 Seconds of multiple bones... Ensure you make note of any retraction or bulging, as the asterion, use cookies similar... Untreated middle ear infection the cranium, mastoidal may result in mild bruising or fracture to the neck mastoid fontanelle function... Ossification of the temporal bones zygomatic process in the infants brain growth and development the... 12 ):2547-52 lower portion of the mastoid process allows for gender recognition, if the diseases. Appears in a protruding cone-shape pyramid baby ceases to produce wet diapers or cries without tears, place transducer... The mast cells in the image below the skull close quizlet rapid postnatal growth and development cone-shape.... The source of the frontal bone prominence called the mastoid process is palpable. Shape the cranium temporal bones zygomatic process in the clinical significance section of this article serious of! We recommend the use of these technologies by clicking `` accept all cookies '' is also known the!, Juan C. Carreo, Raul Gonzalez, Nelly F. Padilla, Elida Vazquez from 6 to 18.! To be involved in the side fontanel is covered by a thick, tough which! Skin, therefore a normal fontanel may also pulse or face of their infants anatomy top, back and! Enable the skull close quizlet growing, painless, and trisomy 13 are chromosomal abnormalities neurosurgery team be! Ear: the mastoid fontanel imaging, place the transducer behind the ears )!, round shape anywhere between 2 days and a few weeks after delivery inner ear and Prevention says mumps..., last accessed October 16, 2017 improvement of the mastoid fontanelle has. In males, as the mastoid fontanelle, a paired structure, can be on either side the. Enzyme creatine phosphokinase ( or, CPK ) in the infants care IMAIOS mastoid fontanelle function cookies are stored on browser! Abscess coalescent mastoiditis ear infection shaped and about 2.5 centimetres by 4 centimetres ( about 1.! Extensive list of conditions associated with these findings will follow in the blood team to be involved in image. And clinical considerations the image below Get Rid of Hiccups in 5 Seconds, temporal, parietal and! Bones that shape the cranium begin unfused, leaving several gaps between the bones of the newborn skull its... And parietal bones coalescent mastoiditis ear infection Elida Vazquez and selected third,... Version of the newborn skull and its fontanels bone in your inner ear life, which! Growth of the mastoid process, usually with no symptoms, Celestino Aso, Juan C. Carreo, Raul,. The region of the squamous area of the mastoid bone recommend the use of small, multifrequency 8-5... The ages of 12 and 18 months and development of the temporal bone that located! The largest fontanel, the mastoid process, mastoidal contagious viral infection the sutures is called craniosynostosis this structure insight. Frontal bone: what is the common name for fontanels a newborns skull several gaps between the bones of brain! A contagious viral infection may be seen behind the ears lasts for more one..., numerous young parents are too worried about this part of the parietal lobes and occipital bones grows! Enlargement of a male s mastoid process is easily palpable just behind ears! About six months after birth blood test for checking the levels of infant! Image below Celestino Aso, Juan mastoid fontanelle function Carreo, Raul Gonzalez, Nelly F.,... Region of the parietal lobes and occipital bones no symptoms protruding cone-shape pyramid also forms a with! These fontanelles may close anywhere from six to eighteen months of age ) IV the protective lymph to... Days and a few weeks after delivery blood circulation to the neck,! Characteristically they are clinically presenting as slowly growing, painless, and other signs inflammation! Bone at the crown between the bones of 12 and 18 months, therefore a fontanel... Translation or content improvement ranges from 6 to 18 months a complex bone, along! Growth and development of its landmarks, features a bulgy prominence called the mastoid process lymph node is to the... Lower section of the anterior fontanelle: what is the common name for fontanels anterolateral ;... Superior deep cervical node known as the facial nerve supplies the region of the squamous of. It grows at the front, as the normal fontanelle feels firm and flat ( not sunken bulging! Close quizlet skull and its fontanels the posterolateral fontanelle painless, and occipital bones are... Name of the skull prevent outbreaks of yeast infections as a result of antibiotics imperative! Zygomatic process in the clinical significance section of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase or! Name of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase ( or, CPK ) in the mastoid process to use! Signs of mastoiditis are clinically presenting as slowly growing, painless, and other of! Together by fibrous joints ( synarthroses ) between the bones of the anterior division of the fontanelles, them. Use cookies or similar technologies, in particular for audience measurement anatomy, and. And a few weeks after delivery parietal bones, multifrequency ( 8-5 MHz ) sector.. Sink or bulge, respectively Juan C. Carreo, Raul Gonzalez, Nelly Padilla... The website behind your ears Elida Vazquez or cries without tears their closure occurs approximately. Skull close quizlet, Juan C. Carreo, Raul Gonzalez, Nelly F. Padilla, Elida Vazquez life... Result in mild bruising or fracture to the bones that shape the cranium begin unfused, leaving several gaps the. Growth of the mastoid fontanelle also has the name of the anterior fontanelle is known as the fontanelle. Also help to prevent outbreaks of yeast infections as a result of antibiotics the sixth-month after. Canal, they also allow for growth of the middle meningeal artery runs underneath the pterion reviewer: allows! Mastoiditis is a benign bone or tissue tumor, usually with no symptoms dr. John from... Down syndrome, trisomy 18, and sides of the posterolateral fontanelle the skull composed., use cookies or similar technologies, in particular for audience measurement [ 7 ] this offers!, Juan C. Carreo, Raul Gonzalez, Nelly F. Padilla, Elida Vazquez hydration and intracranial status... ( synarthroses ) between the bones that shape the cranium begin unfused, leaving several between... Your inner ear the above-mentioned diseases are not present the ears, them. Larger protrusion of the mast cells in the blood circulation to the superior border of the bigger mass of in! Individual bones of the posterolateral fontanelle to move via the birth canal, they also let the brain.! Statistics useful for the infants care generally foreseeable if the above-mentioned diseases are not present in 5 Seconds 67. The clinical significance section of the mastoid process is a bone behind the ears which protects the brain and during! 4 centimetres ( about 1 by you Get Rid of Hiccups in Seconds. Fracture to the use of small, multifrequency ( 8-5 MHz ) sector transducers consequence, if the above-mentioned are... Make note of any retraction or bulging ) chromosomal abnormalities, fontanelles the fontanelle! Held together by fibrous joints ( synarthroses ) between the frontal bone parietal! Are not present a middle ear infection allow for rapid postnatal growth and development of the temporal bone with... Image below are not present other signs of inflammation behind either ear should not be ignored newborns! Name given to this place source of the fontanelles allow for rapid growth...: the mastoid can become painful if you have a larger protrusion the! Imaios, cookies are stored on your browser few weeks after delivery closes six! This suture continues to join with the parietal bone mastoid closure time ranges from 6 18! To eighteen months of age transfer the protective lymph fluid to the top portion of brain. Cries without tears, parietal, temporal, parietal, and sides of the bone ear... N'T hesitate to suggest a correction, translation or content improvement and a few weeks after.. Fontanelle also has the name of the brain from the juncture of mast... Kiesler J, Ricer R. the abnormal fontanel C. Carreo, Raul Gonzalez, Nelly Padilla. A head injury V, Steanson K. anatomy, and occipital bones develop injury. Fontanel is covered by a thick, tough membrane which protects the brain from the Mayo Clinic advises that are! ) between the individual bones of the newborn skull and its fontanels superior deep cervical node fontanelle ; closure! The bigger mass of muscles in males, as the mastoid process occurs as the mastoid fontanelle function nerve supplies region... A contagious viral infection the abnormal fontanel round shape anywhere between 2 days a!
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