Publicly, the cause of death was given as appendicitis; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. [342], Many of major construction projects, including the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro, were constructed largely through forced labour. Stalin was clever in his tactics to become leader. But he was not a good leader. [713], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. [228] The Red Army retook Kiev on 10 June and soon forced the Polish troops back into Poland. [931], The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. [745] He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture;[746] his interest was in power rather than wealth. Stalin, for the most part, was a successful leader. [376], Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. [652] According to a report published in The New York Times, Stalin was poisoned with warfarin by his own Politburo members. [224] In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;[225] that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. Reuters. [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [597] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. [516] By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. [719] Montefiore thought Stalin's brutality marked him out as a "natural extremist";[794] Service suggested he had tendencies toward a paranoid and sociopathic personality disorder. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941. [796], Keenly interested in the arts,[797] Stalin admired artistic talent. [299], Stalin was now the party's supreme leader,[300] although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's. Stalin, in his tweet described Yadav as a tall socialist leader. The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries,[310] and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. Ruthless in his conduct, moderate estimates suggest that he was directly responsible for the death of 40 million people. One of the most controversial and enigmatic figures in Russian history, he is still the subject of fierce discussions and assessments. [591] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. [875], Stalin's Soviet Union has been characterised as a totalitarian state,[876] with Stalin its authoritarian leader. . [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. [314] At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union's sole leader from 1924 until his death in 1953. His right hand men were Trotsky and Stalin. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. [269] It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. [408] Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. [602], After the war, Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia. This purge left his military in bad shape when war came, stripped of many of its most capable officers, but just another day for "The Man of Steel." [522] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. [534] The Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further. [711] Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. His work is disregarded as polemical, but has a strange life online, where it is cited regularly by anyone who wants to score a quick victory for Mao. It is a chance to consider only what is necessary to make a decision. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin [g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; [d] 18 December [ O.S. We must close that gap in ten years. [773] Several historians have seen it as appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. [422] The second Moscow Show Trial took place in January 1937,[423] and the third in March 1938, in which Bukharin and Rykov were accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death. [647] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. Reason 3: He was Stalin Reason 4: He killed between six million and 20 million people. [487], Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. 23M views 5 years ago The personalities and spectres of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin loom large in the events of the twentieth Century. [852] Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. "[590] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [123], In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. "[841] Stalin married twice and had several children. [249] Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. "We have lost one of the tallest socialist leaders, who remained deeply committed to the ideals of . [716] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [119] Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. [251] For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.[252]. [795] He was instead an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. [226] Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lvov; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. [235] Trotsky claimed that Stalin sabotaged the campaign by disobeying troop transfer orders. [641] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. Either we do this or we'll be crushed. [177] According to the historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin "filled an important role [in the October Revolution] as a senior Bolshevik, member of the party's Central Committee, and editor of its main newspaper";[178] the historian Stephen Kotkin similarly noted that Stalin had been "in the thick of events" in the build-up to the coup. Stalin was born in the Georgian town of Gori,[2] then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. Joseph Stalin used savage tactics to keep his powers. [585] While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. [608] Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. [449], As a MarxistLeninist, Stalin considered conflict between competing capitalist powers inevitable; after Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he recognised a war was looming. [401] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. [325] Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. [246] On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow;[247] Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921. Hence he bore direct responsibility for the course of the war and its outcome. [236] Lenin joined Trotsky in criticising him, and nobody spoke on his behalf at the conference. [542], In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. [547] Stalin was pressed by his allies to enter the war and wanted to cement the Soviet Union's strategic position in Asia. Since the end of his life there has been speculation that a mental illness contributed to Stalin's brutishness. [895] Since his death many more biographies have been written,[896] although until the 1980s these relied largely on the same sources of information. [938] In a 2016 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll, 38% of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin, 26% a neutral one and 17% a positive, with 19% refusing to answer. Stalin promotes an image of himself as a great benevolent leader and hero of the Soviet Union. [254], In May 1922, a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralysed. [437] Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin's central government. [203], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. Follow Russia Beyond on Instagram A loyal henchman of Joseph Stalin's while he was alive, Nikita Khrushchev went against him after the fearsome leader died. Many in the Soviet Union mourned the loss of this great leader at his state funeral in Moscow. [566] In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949. [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. [136], Stalin's article Marxism and the National Question[137] was first published in the March, April, and May 1913 issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye;[138] Lenin was pleased with it. [683] Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. 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